Msomali Wachitsulo

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Misomali yamasiku ano imakhala yopangidwa ndi chitsulo, nthawi zambiri yoviikidwa kapena yokutidwa kuti isawononge dzimbiri m'mikhalidwe yovuta kapena kuti imamatire.Misomali wamba yamatabwa nthawi zambiri imakhala yachitsulo chofewa, chochepa cha carbon kapena "chofatsa" (pafupifupi 0.1% ya carbon, chitsulo chotsalira komanso mwina silicon kapena manganese).Misomali ya konkire imakhala yolimba, yokhala ndi mpweya wa 0.5-0.75%.

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Kale misomali inkapangidwa ndi mkuwa kapena chitsulo chosula ndipo inkapangidwa ndi osula zitsulo ndi misomali.Anthu amisiriwa ankagwiritsa ntchito ndodo yachitsulo yotenthetsera yomwe ankaipanga asanamenye m’mbali zomwe zinkapanga mfundo.Atatha kutenthetsanso ndi kudula, wosula zitsulo kapena msomali ankalowetsa msomali wotenthawo m’bowo n’kuumenya.Kenako njira zatsopano zopangira misomali zinapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito makina ometa misomaliyo asanazungulire msomali m’mbali kuti apange shank.Mwachitsanzo, misomali yodulidwa ya Mtundu A idametedwa kuchokera pachitsulo chamtundu wa guillotine pogwiritsa ntchito makina oyambirira.Njirayi inasinthidwa pang'ono mpaka zaka za m'ma 1820 pamene mitu yatsopano pa malekezero a misomali inakhomedwa kudzera pamakina apadera opangira misomali.M'zaka za m'ma 1810, mipiringidzo yachitsulo idatembenuzidwa pambuyo pa sitiroko iliyonse pamene chodulacho chinali pakona.Kenako msomali uliwonse unkametedwa kuchokera pa taper kulola kuti msomali uliwonse ugwire basi zomwe zinapanganso mitu yawo.[15]Misomali yamtundu wa B inapangidwa motere.Mu 1886, 10 peresenti ya misomali imene inapangidwa ku United States inali ya mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya waya wofewa ndipo pofika 1892, misomali ya waya wachitsulo inadutsa misomali yodulidwa yachitsulo monga mtundu waukulu wa misomali imene inkapangidwa.Mu 1913, misomali ya waya inali 90 peresenti ya misomali yonse yomwe inapangidwa.

Misomali yamasiku ano imakhala yopangidwa ndi chitsulo, nthawi zambiri yoviikidwa kapena yokutidwa kuti isawononge dzimbiri m'mikhalidwe yovuta kapena kuti imamatire.Misomali wamba ya nkhuni nthawi zambiri imakhala yachitsulo chofewa, chochepa mpweya kapena "chofatsa" (pafupifupi 0.1% carbon, chitsulo chotsalacho ndipo mwinamwake kachitsulo kapena manganese).Misomali ya konkire imakhala yolimba, yokhala ndi mpweya wa 0.5-0.75%.

MITUNDU YA MISAMARI ILI PAMODZI:

·Misomali ya aluminiyamu - Yopangidwa ndi aluminiyumu yowoneka bwino ndi makulidwe ambiri kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zitsulo zomanga za aluminiyumu
·Msomali wa bokosi - ngati awamba msomalikoma ndi shanki yowonda ndi mutu
·Ma Brad ndi ang'onoang'ono, owonda, opindika, misomali yokhala ndi milomo kapena mawonekedwe kumbali imodzi osati mutu wonse kapena msomali wawung'ono..
·Nsomba zapansi ('stigs') - zophwanyika, zopindika komanso zokhotakhota, zogwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza matabwa
·Oval brad - Ovals amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zamakina osweka kuti alole kukhomerera popanda kugawanika.Zida za anisotropic kwambiri monga matabwa okhazikika (mosiyana ndi matabwa) amatha kupatukana mosavuta.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa oval perpendicular kwa njere zamatabwa kumadula ulusi wamatabwa m'malo mozilekanitsa, motero kumapangitsa kuti kumangiridwe popanda kugawanika, ngakhale pafupi ndi m'mphepete.
·Pini za gulu
·Misomali kapena Tintacks ndi yaifupi, misomali yakuthwa yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi kapeti, nsalu ndi mapepala Nthawi zambiri amadulidwa kuchokera kuzitsulo zachitsulo (mosiyana ndi waya);chitsulocho chimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga upholstery, kupanga nsapato ndi kupanga zishalo.Maonekedwe a katatu a gawo la mtanda wa msomali amapereka kugwiritsitsa kwakukulu komanso kung'ambika pang'ono kwa zinthu monga nsalu ndi chikopa poyerekeza ndi msomali wawaya.
·Brass tack - zitsulo zamkuwa zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamene dzimbiri lingakhale vuto, monga mipando yomwe kukhudzana ndi mchere wa khungu la munthu kumayambitsa dzimbiri pamisomali yachitsulo.
·Msomali wokhota (kapena kukhoma) msomali.Msomali wa msomali umapendekeka kotero kuti ukhoza kubwereranso pawokha pogwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chomangira.Kenako imalumanso m’mitengo kuchokera m’mbali ina moyang’anizana ndi mutu wa msomali, n’kupanga chomangira chofanana ndi cha rivet.
Nsapato za nsapato - Msomali wokhomerera (onani pamwambapa) wa zikopa zokhotakhota ndipo nthawi zina zamatabwa, zomwe kale zinkagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga nsapato.
·Msuzi wa carpet
·Zovala za upholstery - zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kumangirira zophimba ku mipando
·Thumbtack (kapena "push-pin" kapena "drawing-pin") ndi zikhomo zopepuka zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poteteza mapepala kapena makatoni. Misomali yokhala ndi misomali - imakhala ndi mutu womwe umakhala wopindika bwino, poyerekeza ndi mutu "woponda"kumaliza msomali.Akagwiritsidwa ntchito poika zotsekera pafupi ndi mazenera kapena zitseko, amalola kuti matabwawo awonongeke pambuyo pake popanda kuwonongeka pang'ono pakafunika kukonzedwa, komanso popanda kufunikira koboola nkhope ya botolo kuti agwire ndi kuchotsa msomali.Chophimbacho chikachotsedwa, misomali imatha kuchotsedwa mkati mwa chimango chamkati ndi zokokera zachizolowezi.
·Msomali wokhotakhota - msomali wofolera
·Msomali wa misomali - misomali yopangidwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mumfuti ya msomali ya pneumatic yomwe imasonkhanitsidwa mozungulira
·Msomali wamba - shank yosalala, msomali wa waya wokhala ndi mutu wolemera, wosalala.Msomali wamba wopangira
·Mutu wa convex (mutu wa nipple, springhead) misomali yofolerera - mutu wowoneka ngati ambulera wokhala ndi gasket yomangira zitsulo, nthawi zambiri imakhala ndi shank.
·Msomali wamkuwa - misomali yopangidwa ndi mkuwa kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zonyezimira zamkuwa kapena slate shingles etc.
·D-mutu (wodulidwa mutu) msomali - msomali wamba kapena bokosi lomwe mbali ina ya mutu yachotsedwa pamfuti za msomali.
·Msomali wokhala ndi misomali iwiri - mtundu wosowa wa msomali wokhala ndi mfundo kumbali zonse ziwiri ndi "mutu" pakati pa kulumikiza matabwa pamodzi.Onani patent iyi.Zofanana ndi msomali wa dowel koma mutu uli pa shank.
·Misomali yamutu (duplex, formwork, shutter, scaffold) - yogwiritsidwa ntchito pokhomerera kwakanthawi;misomali mosavuta kukoka kwa kenako disassembly
·Msomali wa dowel - msomali wakusongoka kawiri wopanda "mutu" pa shank, chidutswa chachitsulo chozungulira chakuthwa kumapeto onse awiri.
·Msomali wowuma (plasterboard) - waufupi, wowuma, msomali wa shank wokhala ndi mutu woonda kwambiri
·Msomali wa simenti wa fiber - msomali woyika simenti ya fiber siding
·Malizitsani msomali (msomali wa mutu wa chipolopolo, msomali wa mutu wotayika) - Msomali wa waya wokhala ndi mutu wawung'ono womwe umayenera kuti uwoneke pang'ono kapena wokhomeredwa pansi pa nkhuni ndikudzaza dzenje kuti likhale losaoneka.
·Msomali wamagulu - mbale ya msomali
·Pini yolimba - msomali wawung'ono wokonza bolodi lolimba kapena plywood woonda, nthawi zambiri wokhala ndi shank lalikulu
·Msomali wa Horseshoe - misomali yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kunyamula nsapato za akavalo paziboda
·Msomali wa joist hanger - misomali yapadera yomwe idavotera kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ma joist hangers ndi mabatani ofanana.Nthawi zina amatchedwa "Teco misomali" (1+¹⁄₂× .148 misomali ya shank yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polumikizira zitsulo monga zomangira mphepo yamkuntho)
·Msomali wotayika - onani msomali womaliza
·Kumanga (konkriti) - misomali yotalikirapo, yolimba kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mu konkire
·Msomali wa oval - misomali yokhala ndi shank yozungulira
·Pini ya gulu
·Gutter spike - Msomali wawukulu wautali womwe umapangidwira kuti usunge ngalande zamatabwa ndi ngalande zachitsulo m'mphepete mwa denga.
·Mphete (zosawerengeka, zowoneka bwino, zokhota) - misomali yomwe ili ndi zitunda zozungulira shank kuti iteteze kukana kukokera.
·Msomali (wotsekeka) - nthawi zambiri msomali wawufupi wokhala ndi mutu waukulu womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi phula, mapepala omveka kapena zina zotero.
·Msomali wa screw (helical) - msomali wokhala ndi shank yozungulira - ntchito kuphatikiza pansi ndi kusonkhanitsa mapale
·Gwirani msomali - misomali yamutu ing'onoing'ono yoti mugwiritse ntchito pokhomerera misomali
·Sprig - msomali wawung'ono wokhala ndi nsonga yopanda mutu, tapered shank kapena square shank ndi mutu kumbali imodzi.Kawirikawiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi glaziers kukonza ndege yagalasi mumtengo wamatabwa.
·Msomali wa Square - msomali wodulidwa
·T-mutu msomali - wooneka ngati chilembo T
·Pini ya Veneer
·Waya (Chifalansa) msomali - mawu wamba a msomali wokhala ndi shank yozungulira.Izi nthawi zina zimatchedwa misomali yaku France kuchokera kudziko lawo lopangidwa
·Msomali wolumikizidwa ndi waya - misomali yolumikizidwa pamodzi ndi mawaya owonda kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito mumfuti zamisomali

TERMINOLOJIA:

·Bokosi: msomali wa waya wokhala ndi mutu;bokosimisomali ili ndi shank yaing'ono kuposawambamisomali yofanana kukula kwake
·Chowala: palibe zokutira pamwamba;osavomerezeka chifukwa cha nyengo kapena matabwa a acidic kapena mankhwala
·Casing: Msomali wawaya wokhala ndi mutu wokulirapo pang’ono kuposakumalizamisomali;nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito poyala pansi
·CCkapenaZokutidwa: "zokutidwa ndi simenti";msomali wokutidwa ndi zomatira, womwe umadziwikanso kuti simenti kapena guluu, kuti ukhale wamphamvu kwambiri;komanso utomoni- kapena vinilu- TACHIMATA;❖ kuyanika kumasungunuka kugundana kukayendetsedwa kuti kuthandize mafuta, kumamatira kukakhala kozizira;mtundu umasiyanasiyana ndi wopanga (wotani, pinki, ndizofala)
·Wamba: Msomali wawamba wamba wokhala ndi mutu wooneka ngati diski womwe nthawi zambiri umakhala 3 mpaka 4 m'mimba mwake mwa shank:wambamisomali ili ndi ziboda zazikulu kuposabokosimisomali yofanana kukula kwake
·Dulani: misomali yopangidwa ndi makina.Tsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zomangamanga ndi mbiri yakale yobereka kapena kubwezeretsa
·Duplex: msomali wamba wokhala ndi mutu wachiwiri, wolola kuchotsa mosavuta;nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwakanthawi kochepa, monga mawonekedwe a konkire kapena matabwa;nthawi zina amatchedwa "scaffold msomali"
·Zowuma: msomali wapadera wachitsulo wabuluu wokhala ndi mutu wopyapyala womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito kumangirira matabwa a gypsum
·Malizitsani: msomali wawaya womwe uli ndi mutu wokulirapo pang'ono kuposa shank;chitha kubisika mosavuta poletsa msomali pang'ono pansi pa malo omalizidwa ndi misomali ndikudzaza chopandacho ndi chodzaza (putty, spackle, caulk, etc.)
·Zabodza: misomali yopangidwa ndi manja (kawirikawiri masikweya), yonyezimira ndi wosula zitsulo kapena msomali, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga kapena kubwezeretsanso, yomwe nthawi zambiri imagulitsidwa ngati zinthu zosonkhanitsa
·Zokhala ndi malata: kuchitiridwa chithandizo chifukwa chokana dzimbiri ndi/kapena kukhudzana ndi nyengo
·Electrogalvanized: imapereka mapeto osalala ndi kukana dzimbiri
·Kutentha-kuviika kanasonkhezereka: imapereka chiwopsezo chomwe chimayika zinki kwambiri kuposa njira zina, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zisawonongeke kwambiri zomwe zimakhala zoyenera matabwa okhala ndi acidic ndi mankhwala;
·Zimango galvanized: imayika zinki zambiri kuposa electrogalvanizing kuti ichuluke kukana dzimbiri
·Mutu: chidutswa chachitsulo chozungulira chopangidwa pamwamba pa msomali;kuonjezera mphamvu yogwira
·Helix: msomali uli ndi shank ya square yomwe yapindika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kuzitulutsa;nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokongoletsa kotero amakhala ngati malata;nthawi zina amatchedwa decking misomali
·Utali: mtunda kuchokera pansi pamutu kufika pamene pali msomali
·Phosphate - yokutidwa: mdima wandiweyani mpaka wakuda, womwe umapereka malo omwe amamangiriza bwino ndi utoto ndi zophatikizana komanso kukana dzimbiri
·Mfundo: chakuthwa kumapeto moyang'anizana ndi "mutu" kuti musavutike poyendetsa
·Pole nkhokwe: shanje lalitali (2+¹⁄₂mu 8 mkati, 6 cm mpaka 20 cm), mphete ya mphete (onani pansipa), misomali yolimba;kawirikawiri mafuta azimitsidwa kapena malata (onani pamwambapa);zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pomanga matabwa, nyumba zachitsulo (makhola)
·mphete ya mphete: mphete zazing'ono zolozera pa shank kuti misomali isagwire ntchito kamodzi ikangoyendetsedwa mkati;zofala mu drywall, pansi, ndi misomali nkhokwe
·Shanki: thupi kutalika kwa msomali pakati pa mutu ndi mfundo;ikhoza kukhala yosalala, kapena kukhala ndi mphete kapena ma spirals kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu yogwira kwambiri
·Sinker: iyi ndi misomali yofala kwambiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga masiku ano;chowonda chofanana ndi msomali wa bokosi;zokutira simenti (onani pamwambapa);Pansi pamutu pamakhala chopindika ngati mphero kapena fanizi ndipo pamwamba pamutu pamakhala chotchinga kuti nyundo isadutse.
·Spike: msomali waukulu;nthawi zambiri kupitirira 4 mu (100 mm) kutalika
·Zozungulira: msomali wopindika wa waya;wozunguliramisomali ili ndi ziboda zing'onozing'ono kuposawambamisomali yofanana kukula kwake